Java Function Methods - Java 147

Java Function Methods – Java 147

Java Function Methods

功能接口,使用 Lambda 語法,可當作其他方法的傳入參數或是引用其他方法為實例,常用於物件轉換或數字運算,傳入 1 個泛型物件參數,結果傳回泛型物件,可以使用 andThen 、 compose 組合成鏈式判斷,提高了程式碼的可管理性,有助於分別進行單元測試,Function Java Methods 介紹常見的 apply 、 andThen 、 compose 等方法,了解 Function 的不同操作和方法,本篇增加了範例,並透過單元測試來驗證產出結果。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {
    R apply(T t);
}

檔案目錄

./
   +- src
       +- test
       |   +- org
       |       +- ruoxue
       |           +- java_147
       |               +- functional
       |                   +- function
       |                       +- FunctionMethodsTest.java   

單元測試

Function Java Methods 提供 apply 、 andThen 、 compose 條件或組合成鏈式判斷等操作 Function 。

apply

建立 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,執行程式邏輯,傳回物件。

	@Test
	public void apply() {
		Function<String, Boolean> startsWith = s -> s.startsWith("B");
		boolean result = startsWith.apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertTrue(result);
		result = startsWith.apply("Ham");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertFalse(result);

		Function<Integer, Boolean> greaterThan = i -> i > 3;
		result = greaterThan.apply(5);
		System.out.println(result);
		assertTrue(result);
		result = greaterThan.apply("Ham".length());
		System.out.println(result);
		assertFalse(result);
	}
true
false
true
false

andThen

Function Java Methods 建立 2 個 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,使用 andThen 組合執行程式邏輯,傳回物件,其中若有例外拋出,將會中斷執行。

	@Test
	public void andThen() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
		double result = half.andThen(twice).apply(5d);
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(6.25d, result, 2);

		Function<String, Integer> length = s -> s.length();
		Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
		int intResult = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(intResult);
		assertEquals(10, intResult);
	}
6.25
10

andThenThrowException

Function Java Methods 建立 Function 物件,傳入參數 null ,會拋出例外 。

	@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
	public void andThenThrowException() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		half = half.andThen(null);
	}
java.lang.NullPointerException
	at java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(Objects.java:203)
	at java.util.function.Function.andThen(Function.java:87)
	at org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function.FunctionMethodsTest.andThenThrowException(FunctionMethodsTest.java:48)

compose

Function Java Methods 建立 2 個 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,使用 compose 組合執行程式邏輯,傳回物件,其中若有例外拋出,將會中斷執行。

	@Test
	public void compose() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
		double result = half.compose(twice).apply(5d);
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(12.5, result, 2);
	}
12.5

composeThrowException

Function Methods in Java 建立 Function 物件,傳入參數 null ,會拋出例外 。

	@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
	public void composeThrowException() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		half = half.compose(null);
	}
java.lang.NullPointerException
	at java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(Objects.java:203)
	at java.util.function.Function.compose(Function.java:67)
	at org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function.FunctionMethodsTest.composeThrowException(FunctionMethodsTest.java:63)

identity

Function Methods in Java 建立 Function 物件,傳入 1 個參數,傳回參數。

	@Test
	public void identity() {
		Function<String, String> identity = Function.identity();
		String result = identity.apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals("Bacon", result);

		Object objResult = Function.identity().apply("Ham");
		System.out.println(objResult);
		assertEquals("Ham", objResult);

		Function<Integer, Integer> intIdentity = i -> i;
		int intResult = intIdentity.apply(7);
		System.out.println(intResult);
		assertEquals(7, intResult);
	}
Bacon
Ham
7

traditional

Function Methods in Java 使用傳統方式,實作 Function 接口,傳回物件。

	public static class Length<E, F> implements Function<String, Integer> {
		@Override
		public Integer apply(String t) {
			return t.length();
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void traditional() {
		Function<String, Integer> length = new Length<String, Integer>();
		Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
		int result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(10, result);
		result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Ham");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(6, result);
	}
10
6

FunctionMethodsTest.java

Function Methods in Java 新增單元測試,驗證 Function Functions in Java 是否符合預期。

package org.ruoxue.java_147.functional.function;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;

import java.util.function.Function;

import org.junit.Test;

public class FunctionMethodsTest {

	@Test
	public void apply() {
		Function<String, Boolean> startsWith = s -> s.startsWith("B");
		boolean result = startsWith.apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertTrue(result);
		result = startsWith.apply("Ham");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertFalse(result);

		Function<Integer, Boolean> greaterThan = i -> i > 3;
		result = greaterThan.apply(5);
		System.out.println(result);
		assertTrue(result);
		result = greaterThan.apply("Ham".length());
		System.out.println(result);
		assertFalse(result);
	}

	@Test
	public void andThen() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
		double result = half.andThen(twice).apply(5d);
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(6.25d, result, 2);

		Function<String, Integer> length = s -> s.length();
		Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
		int intResult = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(intResult);
		assertEquals(10, intResult);
	}

	@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
	public void andThenThrowException() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		half = half.andThen(null);
	}

	@Test
	public void compose() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		Function<Double, Double> twice = d -> d * d;
		double result = half.compose(twice).apply(5d);
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(12.5, result, 2);
	}

	@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
	public void composeThrowException() {
		Function<Double, Double> half = d -> d / 2;
		half = half.compose(null);
	}

	@Test
	public void identity() {
		Function<String, String> identity = Function.identity();
		String result = identity.apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals("Bacon", result);

		Object objResult = Function.identity().apply("Ham");
		System.out.println(objResult);
		assertEquals("Ham", objResult);

		Function<Integer, Integer> intIdentity = i -> i;
		int intResult = intIdentity.apply(7);
		System.out.println(intResult);
		assertEquals(7, intResult);
	}

	public static class Length<E, F> implements Function<String, Integer> {
		@Override
		public Integer apply(String t) {
			return t.length();
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void traditional() {
		Function<String, Integer> length = new Length<String, Integer>();
		Function<Integer, Integer> multiply = i -> i * 2;
		int result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Bacon");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(10, result);
		result = length.andThen(multiply).apply("Ham");
		System.out.println(result);
		assertEquals(6, result);
	}
}

心得分享

Function Functions in Java 屬於 java.util.function ,常用於物件轉換或數字運算,例如:取得字串長度、數字加減乘除運算, 使用 Lambda 表達式能讓程式碼更加簡潔與直接,取代傳統實作接口的方法,減少了很多程式碼,大幅提高可讀性, Function Methods in Java 提供更清晰、更易讀且更靈活的方式來組合多個 Function 條件,來表示非常複雜的邏輯條件,如: apply 、 andThen 、 compose 等,提供了幾種 Function 常見範例。

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